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establish own workflows, data structures or views on her

information space.

At the Human-Computer Interaction Group (HCIG) of the

University of Konstanz we are designing and researching

such a novel visual user interface concept named “ZOIL”

(Zoomable Object-Oriented Information Landscape). As an

application- and platform-independent UI concept ZOIL is

aimed at unifying all types of local and remote information

items with their connected functionality and with their

mutual relations in a single visual workspace under a

consistent interaction model. This visual workspace is

named the “information landscape” and can serve as an

integrated work environment for traditional PIM tasks, but

can also be used for PIM tasks in a wider sense like

navigating public information spaces on the Web (e.g.

digital libraries, social networking websites or geo-

referential content in maps).

At the current stage of our project we have formulated five

design principles for ZOIL user interfaces and have applied

them in mock-ups and Java prototypes for document

management [26] (see figure 3) and digital libraries [20]

(see figure 6). The design principles are based on our

previous research work on Zoomable User Interfaces

(ZUIs) [19, 20, 25], visual information seeking [17] and

information visualization (IV) [33]. Furthermore they have

drawn from a broad scope of existing designs and theories

in the HCI, IV and PIM literature.

By describing these five design principles we will introduce

the ZOIL paradigm as subject of our ongoing research work

to the scientific community. Furthermore we will outline

the potential of ZOIL user interfaces to replace the desktop

metaphor and traditional application-oriented PIM environ-

ments. The role of ZOIL user interfaces in reducing

information fragmentation and providing usable nomadic

PIM solutions will be a further topic of our discussion,

which will then be concluded by outlining our next steps

and future work.

PREVIOUS AND RELATED WORK

The first use of a zoomable virtual canvas to visually access

and spatially arrange information items dates back to

William Donelson’s and Richard A. Bolt’s seminal “Spatial

Data Management System (SDMS)” from 1978 [13]. “Pad”

of Perlin & Fox and “Pad++” of Bederson & Hollan

provided pioneering theories and more elaborated designs

of such ZUIs in 1993 and 1994: “Pad” was based on the

assumption that navigation in information spaces is best

supported by tapping into our natural spatial and

geographical ways of thinking [6, 31]. Data objects are

organized in space and scale and users can navigate them

by performing zooming and panning operations. “Pad” has

also introduced the concepts of semantic zooming and

portals. We have merged Pad’s “portals” and “portal filters”

with the “see-through interface” of Bier et al. [9] and the

“dynamic queries” of Ahlberg et al. [3] to create the

concept of ZOIL portals which form the backbone of every

ZOIL-based UI (see following section).

Jef Raskin’s vision of the “ZoomWorld” and the “Zooming

Interface Paradigm” from 2000 has been a further important

source of inspiration: “The zooming interface paradigm can

replace the browser, the desktop metaphor, and the

traditional operating system. Applications per se

disappear.” (Raskin, [32]). Thereby Raskin’s concepts of

“unification” and “commands” have similarities to object-

oriented user interfaces which have been discussed by Theo

Mandel in 1994 [27] and Dave Collins in 1995 [10].

“Unification” is also discussed by David R. Karger and

William Jones in the context of PIM and the “Haystack”

work environment [23, 24]. Haystack uses a RDF-based

semi-structured data model for organizing personal

information items. A related approach can also be found in

the DeepaMehta semantic desktop project [36].

Concerning the implementational aspects of ZUIs, Ben

Bederson’s Jazz and Piccolo frameworks provide valuable

input on architectures and data models [8]. A very

impressive implementation of a ZUI based on Microsoft

Live Labs’ “Seadragon” was presented by Blaise Aguera y

Arcas at the TED conference 2007 [2]. This demonstration

has influenced our decision to develop a web-deployed

ZOIL UI software framework based on Microsoft .NET and

WPF as part of our research activities.

As will be discussed in more detail in the following section,

the ZOIL design principles furthermore reflect some of the

findings of William Jones and Jamie Teevan about the

nature of PIM, personal spaces of information (PSI) and

personal information collections (PIC) [22]. These essential

PIM concepts and the growing body of knowledge about

PIM practice will be guiding our future design and

evaluation of the ZOIL paradigm (see section “Conclusion

& Future Work”).

THE ZOIL USER INTERFACE PARADIGM

To describe the interaction style, visualization techniques

and interface physics of a ZOIL user interface we have

formulated five ZOIL design principles which will be

introduced in the following sections.

ZOIL Design Principle 1: Object-Oriented User Interface

In [22, p.7] Jones and Teevan introduce the “information

item” as a fundamental concept for the consideration of

PIM. An “information item” (e.g. a real world printed

document or handwritten note, an email message, a web

page or a reference to a web page) is a “packaging of

information in a persistent form […]” and with an

associated “information form” or “information type” (i.e.

items have types like “paper document”, “electronic

message”, “web page” or “web bookmark"). This

information form is “determined by the constellation of

tools and applications that make it possible to manipulate

the item.”

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